Validization of the 9 Hole Peg Test In Children With Cerebral Paralysis

Rukina N. N.
PhD, Senior Researcher, Department of Functional Diagnostics¹

Kuznetsov A. N.
Junior Researcher, Department of Functional Diagnostics¹

Belova A. N.
D. Med. Sc., Professor, Head, Department of Functional Diagnostics¹

Lenina V. S.
Doctor, Counseling and Rehabilitation Department¹

1 - Nizhny Novgorod Research Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of Public Health Ministry of Russian Federation

Rukina Natalia, E-mail: rukinann@mail.ru

The paper examines studies conducted to assess the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of a 9-peg test for children with cerebral palsy. Twenty 5-7 years old healthy children and 20 children with cerebral palsy participated in the survey. To confirm the substantial validity, a comparative analysis of the test time for healthy children and children with cerebral palsy was carried out, the dependence of the test time on the severity of the motor defect of the upper limbs was evaluated. The severity of the defect was assessed according to the scale of functioning of the upper limbs for children with cerebral palsy MAKS. Retest reliability of the test was determined by comparing the results obtained by the same researcher during repeated testing. To confirm the sensitivity of the test, the time of the test was compared in children in groups with different severity of cerebral palsy before and after rehabilitation. A test with 9 pegs can be used as a tool for evaluating fine motor skills in children with cerebral palsy, is informatively accessible and easy to perform.

infantile cerebral palsy, evaluation, test with 9 pegs, validation

10.29234/2308-9113-2017-5-4-73-87

1. Agnew, I. J., and F. Maas. «Hand function related to age and sex.» Archives of Physical Medical Rehabilitation 63 (1982): 269-71.

2. Backman, Catherine, Stacy Cork Deborah Gibson, and Joy Parsons. «Assessment of Hand Function: The Relationship between Pegboard Dexterity and Applied Dexterity.» Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 59, no. 4 (1992): 208-13. doi:10.1177/000841749205900406.

3. Case-Smith, Jane. «Efficacy of Occupational Therapy Services Related to Hand Skill Development in Preschool Children.» Physical & Occupational Therapy In Pediatrics 14, no. 3 (1995): 31-58. doi:10.1300/j006v14n03­_02.

4. Case-Smith, Jane. «Comparison of In-Hand Manipulation Skills in Children with and without Fine Motor Delays.» The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 13, no. 2 (1993): 87-100. doi:10.1177/153944929301300202.

5. Cratty, Bryant J. Perceptual and motor development in infants and children. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986.

6. Exner, C. E. «In-hand manipulation skills in normal young children: a pilot study.» Occupational Therapy Practice 1 (1990): 63-72.

7. Felder, Robert, Kenneth James, Claudia Brown, Sherry Lemon, and Marge Reveal. «Dexterity Testing as a Predictor of Oral Care Ability.» Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 42, no. 10 (1994): 1081-086. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06213.x.

8. Fleishman, Edwin A., and Gaylord D. Ellison. «A factor analysis of fine manipulative tests.» Journal of Applied Psychology 46, no. 2 (1962): 96-105. doi:10.1037/h0038499.

9. Gardner, Richard A., and Melinda Broman. «The Purdue pegboard: Normative data on 1334 school children.» Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 8, no. 3 (1979): 156-62. doi:10.1080/15374417909532912.

10. Kellor, M., J. Frost, N. Silberberg, I. Iversen, and R. Cummings. «Hand strength and dexterity.» American Journal of Occupational Therapy 25 (1971): 77-83.

11. Marshall, Shawn C., Brian Heisel, and Diana Grinnell. «Validity of the pulses profile compared with the functional independence measure for measuring disability in a stroke rehabilitation setting.» Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 80, no. 7 (1999): 760-65. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(99)90224-1.

12. Mathiowetz, Virgil, Karen Weber, Nancy Kashman, and Gloria Volland. «Adult Norms for the Nine Hole Peg Test of Finger Dexterity.» The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 5, no. 1 (1985): 24-38. doi:10.1177/153944928500500102.

13. Mchale, K., and S. A. Cermak. «Fine Motor Activities in Elementary School: Preliminary Findings and Provisional Implications for Children with Fine Motor Problems.» American Journal of Occupational Therapy 46, no. 10 (1992): 898-903. doi:10.5014/ajot.46.10.898.

14. Ozсelik I. B. Evaluation of long-term results in mutilating hand injuries Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg 15 (2009): 164-70.

15. Poole, Janet L., Patricia A. Burtner, Theresa A. Torres, Cheryl Kirk Mcmullen, Amy Markham, Michelle Lee Marcum, Jennifer Bradley Anderson, and Clifford Qualls. «Measuring Dexterity in Children Using the Nine-hole Peg Test.» Journal of Hand Therapy 18, no. 3 (2005): 348-51. doi:10.1197/j.jht.2005.04.003.

16. Reid, Denise, and Patricia Rigby. «Critique of the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopmental Screener (BINS).» Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics 17, no. 1 (1997): 59-74. doi:10.1300/j006v17n01­_04.

17. Russell, Dianne J., Maureen Ward, and Mary Law. «Test-Retest Reliability of the Fine Motor Scale of the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales in Children with Cerebral Palsy.» The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 14, no. 3 (1994): 178-82. doi:10.1177/153944929401400305.

18. Smith, Yvonne A., Eunsook Hong, and Christine Presson. «Normative and Validation Studies of the Nine-Hole Peg Test with Children.» Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 3 (2000): 823-43. doi:10.2466/pms.2000.90.3.823.

19. Sterr A., Freivogel S., Schmalohr D. The Pediatric Motor Activity Log-Revised: Assessing Real-World Arm Use in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Society for Neuroscience, 2002.

20. Super D. Appraising vocational fitness. New York: Harper., 1949.

21. Tiffin, Joseph, and E. J. Asher. «The Purdue Pegboard: norms and studies of reliability and validity.» Journal of Applied Psychology32, no. 3 (1948): 234-47. doi:10.1037/h0061266.

22. Valenza M.C. Upper Limbs Assessment in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Assessed at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01988844

23. Wade, Derick T. «Measuring arm impairment and disability after stroke.» International Disability Studies 11, no. 2 (1989): 89-92. doi:10.3109/03790798909166398.

24. Widner Y. S., Presson C. M. A pilot study to evaluate the reliability and construct validity of the Nine-hole Peg Test with children. (Unpublished manuscript, Univer. of Nevada, Las Vegas), 1998.

25. Yelnik, A., I. Bonan, M. Debray, E. Lo, F. Gelbert, and B. Bussel. «Changes in the execution of a complex manual task after ipsilateral ischemic cerebral hemispheric stroke.» Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 77, no. 8 (1996): 806-10. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90261-0.